AI

Artificial Intelligence 1956 – 1981

Definition: Wiki Please:

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Artificial intelligence (AI) is the intelligence of machines and the branch of computer science which aims to create it. Textbooks define the field as “the study and design of intelligent agents,”[1] where an intelligent agent is a system that perceives its environment and takes actions which maximize its chances of success.[2] John McCarthy, who coined the term in 1956,[3] defines it as “the science and engineering of making intelligent machines.”[4]

The field was founded on the claim that a central property of humans, intelligence—the sapience of Homo sapiens—can be so precisely described that it can be simulated by a machine.[5] This raises philosophical issues about the nature of the mind and limits of scientific hubris, issues which have been addressed by myth, fiction and philosophy since antiquity.[6] Artificial intelligence has been the subject of optimism,[7] but has also suffered setbacks[8] and, today, has become an essential part of the technology industry, providing the heavy lifting for many of the most difficult problems in computer science.[9]

AI research is highly technical and specialized, deeply divided into subfields that often fail to communicate with each other.[10] Subfields have grown up around particular institutions, the work of individual researchers, the solution of specific problems, longstanding differences of opinion about how AI should be done and the application of widely differing tools. The central problems of AI include such traits as reasoning, knowledge, planning, learning, communication, perception and the ability to move and manipulate objects.[11] General intelligence (or “strong AI“) is still a long-term goal of (some) research.[12]

Ok? Discuss:

Well I agree. Strong AI and Applied AI lead us To John Searle’s Chinese Room which bring us to 1981 : Ok Reading

Searle’s thought experiment begins with this hypothetical premise: suppose that artificial intelligence research has succeeded in constructing a computer that behaves as if it understands Chinese. It takes Chinese characters as input and, by following the instructions of a computer program, produces other Chinese characters, which it presents as output. Suppose, says Searle, that this computer performs its task so convincingly that it comfortably passes the Turing test: it convinces a human Chinese speaker that the program is itself a human Chinese speaker. To all of the questions that the human asks, it makes appropriate responses, such that any Chinese speaker would be convinced that he or she is talking to another Chinese-speaking human being.

Some proponents of artificial intelligence would conclude that the computer “understands” Chinese.[1] This conclusion, a position he refers to as strong AI, is the target of Searle’s argument.

Searle then asks the reader to suppose that he is in a closed room and that he has a book with an English version of the aforementioned computer program, along with sufficient paper, pencils, erasers and filing cabinets. He can receive Chinese characters (perhaps through a slot in the door), process them according to the program’s instructions, and produce Chinese characters as output. As the computer had passed the Turing test this way, it is fair, says Searle, to deduce that the human operator will be able to do so as well, simply by running the program manually.

Searle asserts that there is no essential difference between the role the computer plays in the first case and the role the human operator plays in the latter. Each is simply following a program, step-by-step, which simulates intelligent behavior. And yet, Searle points out, the human operator does not understand a word of Chinese. Since it is obvious that he does not understand Chinese, Searle argues, we must infer that the computer does not understand Chinese either.

Searle argues that without “understanding” (what philosophers call “intentionality”), we cannot describe what the machine is doing as “thinking”. Because it does not think, it does not have a “mind” in anything like the normal sense of the word, according to Searle. Therefore, he concludes, “strong AI” is mistaken.

No, the argument seems to have some merit but no. A Chinese Turing Test? What’s So Special about that? And he concludes stong artificial intelligence is mistaken. I think he got a bit carried away by inscrutable oriental stuff.

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不，争论似乎有一些优点，但号 A 中国图灵测试吗？什么，特别那件事？他说强人工智能错误。我想他有一位由 inscrutable 东方东西带走。
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Ha! No chinese chracter for inscrutable. Ha ha ha ha there will be smoking Eggs next ref:

雞回靠抽煙床職。他，旁邊看很生氣是蛋。蛋說： 我想我們回答這項問題然後

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Ok. A quick metaphor mix “A Blind Alley Too Far” Lets add Me :
[shit, my AI program stopped have to wait 15 minutes for it to re-boot.]
OK. It’s 5 am GMT , turn on Radio 2 # Great British Song Book ,HAPPY BIRTHDAY OZZYhttp://bit.ly/8jY5gc Godfather of Heavy Metal then : Stairway To Heaven {How A P P R O P R I A T E ” Buying A Stairway To Heaven” [Flat Fact : 5 Years in the US Charts] ~ I used to sing this to Margaret Thatcher God Rot Her Soul, Love You Arthur, always will, still bleeding tho } and have cuppa…..

Just Installed Opera, It has Widget. ……sorry just gotta check out a program…

I Know I’m Jumping The Gun but……

Synergy : “The interaction of two or more agents or forces so that their combined effect is greater than the sum of their individual effects.” http://bluemarsonline.wordpress.com


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